Donate | Science Of DME

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Accessed June 3, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Report Card 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. Accessed June 3, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/DiabetesReportCard.pdf.

3. “Diabetes Basics: Diabetes Statistics.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 3, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/.

4. “Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Increasing Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes – United States and Puerto Rico, 1995-2010.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed June 3, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6145a4.htm.

5. Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, et al. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the U.S. adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:29. Accessed June 4, 2013 http://www.pophealthmetrics.com/content/8/1/29.

6. Wenick AS, Bressler NM. Diabetic Macular Edema: Current and Emerging Therapies. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jan-Mar;19(1): 4–12. Accessed June 12, 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277023/.

7. Guariguata L, Nolan T, Beagley J, et al. (2013) IDF Diabetes Atlas, Sixth Edition. International Diabetes Federation: http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN_6E_Atlas_Full_0.pdf

8. “Diabetes Public Health Resource: CDC Identifies Diabetes Belt.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed June 5, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/diabetesbelt.pdf.

9. Gordon, Serena. “Southeastern States Mired in the ‘Diabetes Belt’: CDC Report.” U.S. News.com. March 8, 2011, http://health.usnews.com/health-news/diet-fitness/diabetes/articles/2011/03/08/southeastern-states-mired-in-the-diabetes-belt-cdc-report.

10. “Diabetes Basics: Type 1.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 20, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/.

11. “Diabetes Basics: Type 2.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 20, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/.

12. “Living With Diabetes: Insulin Basics.” American Diabetes Association. Last edited June 28, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.html.

13. “Living With Diabetes: Eye Complications.” American Diabetes Association. Last edited July 15, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/eye-complications/.

14. Stewart, MR. Critical appraisal of ranibizumab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2013(7):1257–1267.

15. “Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy.” National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Last edited: June 2012, http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.asp.

16. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):S11-S61. Accessed June 2013, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S11.full.

17. “Leading Causes of Blindness in the U.S.” National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Accessed June 2013, http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/fact_sheet.asp.

18. Klein, R. Hyperglycemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(2):258– 268. Accessed June 2013, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/18/2/258.

19. Ding J, Wong TY. Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Curr Diab Rep. 2012 Aug;12(4):346-54. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22585044.

20. Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):556-64. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301125.

21. “Vision Problems in the U.S.: Prevalence of Adult Vision Impairment and Age-Related Eye Disease in America. Preventblindness.org. Prevent Blindness America. Accessed June 2013, http://www.visionproblemsus.org/diabetic-retinopathy.html.

22. Kempen JH, O'Colmain BJ, Leske MC. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004;122(4):552-563. Accessed June 2013, http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/15078674.

23. Stewart MW. The Expanding Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors in Ophthalmology. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012;87(1):77-88.

24. Lopes de Faria JM, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL, et al. Diabetic macular edema: risk factors and concomitants. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 1999;77:170–175. Accessed June 2013, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770211.x/pdf.

25. Wiley H, Ferris FL III. Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema. Retinal Vascular Disease. Section 2, Chapter 47:940-967.

26. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE Study. Ranibizumab Monotherapy or Combined with Laser versus Laser Monotherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):615-625.

27. Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B. Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies. Diabetes Care. 2003 Sept;26(9):2653-2664. Accessed June 2013, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/9/2653.abstract.

28. Bhagat N, Grigorian RA, Tutela A, et al. Diabetic Macular Edema: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2009;54(1):1-32.

29. Kulkarni AD, Michael SI. Diabetic Macular Edema: Therapeutic Options. Diabetes Ther. 2012 December;3(1):2. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3508119/.

30. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Ten-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology. 1994 Jun;101(6):1061-70. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8008348.

31. “Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision?” aoa.org. American Optometric Association. Accessed June 2013, http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/visual-acuity.

32. Browning DJ, Altaweel MM, Bressler NM, et al. Diabetic Macular Edema: What is Focal and What is Diffuse? Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 November;146(5):649–655. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785449/.

33. Nguyen QD, Tatlipinar S, Shah SM, et al. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is A Critical Stimulus for Diabetic Macular Edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:961-969.

34. Bresnick GH. Diabetic maculopathy. A critical review highlighting diffuse macular edema. Ophthalmology. 1983 Nov;90(11):1301-17. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6664669?dopt=Abstract.

35. Nidhi Talwa. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) 2013 Annual Meeting: Abstract 1540 - C0030. Presented May 6, 2013.

36. Bloomgarden, ZT. Screening for and managing diabetic retinopathy: Current approaches. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2007 Sept;64(17):S8-S14. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ajhp.org/content/64/17_Supplement_12/S8.abstract.

37. “Living With Diabetes: A1C and eAG.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed July 17, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/a1c/.

38. Diep TM, Tsui, I. Risk factors associated with diabetic macular edema. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2013 June;100(3):298-305. Accessed June 2013, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822713000120.

39. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329: 977– 986. Accessed June 2013, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401.

40. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854– 865. Accessed June 2013, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673698070378

41. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837– 853. Accessed June 2013, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673698070196.

42. “Your Blood Lipids.” Diabetes Education Online. The Regents of the University of California. Accessed June 2013, http://dtc.ucsf.edu/living-with-diabetes/diet-and-nutrition/understanding-fats-oils/your-blood-lipids/.

43. Miljanovic B, Glynn RJ, Nathan DM, et al. A Prospective Study of Serum Lipids and Risk of Diabetic Macular Edema in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(11):2883-2892. Accessed June 2013, http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/53/11/2883.long.

44. Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, et al. Hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:799–805. Accessed June 2013, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642005000953.

45. Lopes de Faria JM, Jalkh AE, Tremple CL, et al. Diabetic macular edema: risk factors and concomitants. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999 Apr;77(2):170-5. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10321533.

46. Estacio RO, McFarling E, Biggerstaff S, et al. Overt albuminuria predicts diabetic retinopathy in Hispanics with NIDDM. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:947– 953. Accessed June 2013, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642005000953.

47. “Living With Diabetes: African Americans and Complications.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/african-americans-and-complications.html.

48. “Información en Español.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/espanol/.

49. Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino RB Jr, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA 2007;297(24):2716– 2724. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17595272.

50. “What causes macular edema?” EyeSmart. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Accessed June 2013, http://www.geteyesmart.org/eyesmart/diseases/macular-edema-cause.cfm.

51. “Diabetic Retinopathy.” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Accessed June 2013, http://www.mayoclinic.org/medicalprofs/diabetic-retinopathy-2010.html.

52. Fong DS, Aiello LP, Ferris FL III, et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2540–2553. Accessed June 2013, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/10/2540.full?ijkey=6b8c1f8c794a20347a79cbb03059e3553fc95c77&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha.

53. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(8):1084–1091. Accessed June 2013, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/23/8/1084.abstract?ijkey=12824a75ec6275892b28ee943588baacd4a05003&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha.

54. “Common Eye Disorders.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed June 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basic_information/eye_disorders.htm.

55. “Macular Edema Symptoms” EyeSmart. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Accessed June 2013, http://www.geteyesmart.org/eyesmart/diseases/macular-edema-symptoms.cfm.

56. “Living with Diabetes: Complications.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 20, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/.

57. Miljanovic B, Glynn RJ, Nathan DM, et al. Serum cholesterol-DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes. 2004. Nov;53(11):2883-92. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) 2013 Annual Meeting. Presented May 2013.

58. “Macular Edema Diagnosis.” EyeSmart. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Accessed June 2013, http://www.geteyesmart.org/eyesmart/diseases/macular-edema-diagnosis.cfm.

59. Costa PZ, Soares R. Neovascularization in diabetes and its complications. Unraveling the angiogenic paradox. Life Sciences. 2013;92:1037–1045.

60. Bates Do, Harper SJ. Regulation of vascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors. Vascul Pharmcol. 2002 Nov;39(4-5):225-37. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12747962.

61. Javey G, Schwartz SG, Flynn HW Jr. Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Diabetic Macular Edema. Experimental Diabetes Research. 2011;2012(Article ID 548732):12 pages. Accessed June 2013, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2012/548732/.

62. Bandello F, Cunha-Vaz J, Chong NV, et al. New approaches for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema: recommendations by an expert panel. Eye. 2012;26:485-493.

63. Ryan, GJ. New pharmacologic approaches to treating diabetic retinopathy. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2007;64(17):S15-S21. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ajhp.org/content/64/17_Supplement_12/S15.abstract.

64. Zur D, Loewenstein. Combination Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2011;2012(Article ID 484612):6 pages. Accessed June 2013, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jop/2012/484612/.

65. Grover D, Li TJ, Chong CC. Intravitreal steroids for macular edema in diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD005656. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254088.

66. Ranchod TM, Fine SL. Primary treatment of diabetic macular edema. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:101-107. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685231/.

67. “High Eye Pressure and Glaucoma.” Glaucoma Research Foundation. Accessed June 2013, http://www.glaucoma.org/gleams/high-eye-pressure-and-glaucoma.php.

68. “Retinal Diseases.” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Accessed June 2013, http://www.mayoclinic.org/retinal-diseases/treatment.html.

69. Do DV, Nguyen QD, Khwaja AA, et al. Ranibizumab for Edema of the Macula in Diabetes Study. 3-Year Outcomes and the Need for Prolonged Frequent Treatment. JAMA OPHTHALMOL. 2013;131(2):139-145.

70. Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Heier JS. Primary End Point (Six Months) Results of the Ranibizumab for Edema of the macula in diabetes (READ-2) study. Ophthalmology. 2009 Nov;116(11):2175-81.e1. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19700194.

71. “Evaluating and Integrating New Evidence in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema.” Retina Today. Bryn Mawr Communications, LLC. Accessed June 2013, http://retinatoday.com/2011/01/supplement/evaluating-and-integrating-new-evidence-in-the-treatment-of-diabetic-macular-edema/.

72. Ford JA, Lois N, Royle P, et al. Current treatments in diabetic macular oedema: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002269. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012- 002269.

73. Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Khwaja AA, et al. Two-year outcomes of ranibizumab for edema of the macular in diabetes (READ-2) study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:2146-51. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855114.

74. Damian McNamara. “Predictors of Diabetic Macular Edema Identified.” Medscape. WebMD, LLC. May 14, 2013. Accessed June 2013, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/804171.

75. Simó R, Hernández C. Advances in the Medical Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2009 August;32(8):1556-1562. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713619/.

76. “Press Room: American Diabetes Association Releases New Research Estimating Annual Cost of Diabetes at $245 billion.” American Diabetes Association. March 6, 2013. Accessed June 25, 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/for-media/2013/annual-costs-of-diabetes-2013.html.

77. “Diabetic Retinopathy: Overview.” FamilyDoctor.org. American Academy of Family Physicians. Accessed June 25, 2013, http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy.html.

78. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/aneurysm.

79. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Cataract.

80. Treating eye diseases with anti-VEGF therapies may have side effects. The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Jan 10, 2013. Accessed June 2013, http://www.arvo.org/About_ARVO/Press_Room/Treating_eye_diseases_with_anti-VEGF_therapies_may_have_side_effects/.

81. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Endophthalmitis.

82. “Endothelial cells.” Biology-online.org. Accessed June 2013, http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Endothelial_cells

83. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Glaucoma.

84. “HbA1c.” MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed June 2013, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003640.htm.

85. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/hyperglycemia.

86. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Hypertension.

87. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/hypoxia.

88. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Intraocular%20Pressure.

89. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Microaneurysm.

90. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Pancreas.

91. “Medical Dictionary.” MedlinePlus. Merriam Webster, Inc. Accessed June 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/Prediabetes.

92. “Vascular permeability.” Biology-online.org. Accessed June 2013, http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Vascular_permeability.

93. “Facts about Vitreous Detachment.” National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Accessed June 10, 2013, http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/vitreous/vitreous.asp#1.

94. “Living With Diabetes: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders.” American Diabetes Association. Accessed June 2013, http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/asian-american-native.html.

95. Stewart MW. Corticosteroid use for diabetic macular edema: old fad or new trend? Curr Diab Rep. 2012 Aug;12(4):364-75. Accessed June 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22581206.

96. “Visual impairment and blindness. Fact Sheet N°282.” World Health Organization. June 2012. Accessed Aug 5, 2013, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/index.html.

97. International Diabetes Federation Europe. Diabetes & blindness due to DME. Accessed Aug 5, 2013, http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/IDF%2520Toolkit_Backgrounder_FINAL.pdf.

98. Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM et al. Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema: Results from 2 Phase III Randomized Trials: RISE and RIDE Ophthalmology. April 2012;119(4):789-801.

99. “DME.” Lucentis. Genentech USA, Inc., n.d. Web. Accessed Sept 6, 2013. < http://www.lucentis.com/hcp/dme/dme-home.html>.

100. Do DV, Nguyen QD, Boyer D et al. One-year outcomes of the DA VINCI Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology. Aug 2012;119(8):1658-65.

101. Regeneron and Bayer Report Positive One-Year Results from Two Phase 3 Trials of EYLEA® (aflibercept) Injection for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema [press release]. Web. Accessed Sept 6, 2013. <http://newsroom.regeneron.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=782911. Accessed September 6, 2013>.

102. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE Study Ranibizumab Monotherapy or Combined with Laser versus Laser Monotherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):615–625.

103. Lang GE, Berta A, Eldem BM, et al. Two-Year Safety and Efficacy of Ranibizumab 0.5 mg in Diabetic Macular Edema Interim Analysis of the RESTORE Extension Study. Ophthalmology. 2013 May 29. pii: S0161-6420(13)00153-X. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.02.019. [Epub ahead of print]

104. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm315130.htm

105. http://www.novartis.com/newsroom/media-releases/en/2011/1477848.shtml

111. FDA approves Lucentis to treat diabetic macular edema. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Aug 10, 2012. [Press Release] Accessed Aug 13, 2014. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm315130.htm.

112. EYLEA® (aflibercept) Injection Receives FDA Approval for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. July 29, 2014. [Press Release] Accessed August 18, 2014: http://newsroom.regeneron.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=862822.

113. Novartis gains new indication for Lucentis® in EU for vision loss due to Diabetic Macular Edema, a leading cause of blindness. Reuters. Jan 7, 2011. [Press Release] Accessed Aug 18, 2014: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/07/idUS48855+07-Jan-2011+HUG20110107.

114. EYLEA® (aflibercept) Injection Receives EU Approval for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aug 11, 2014. [Press Release] Accessed August 18, 2014: http://investor.regeneron.com/releaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=865393.

115. EYLEA® (aflibercept) Injection Receives FDA Approval for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. July 29, 2014. [Press Release] Accessed August 18, 2014: http://newsroom.regeneron.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=862822.

116. Korobelnik JF, Do DV, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. Intravitreal Aflibercept for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology. 2014.

117. Ozurdex prescribing information. Allergan. Accessed Sept 4, 2014: http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/ozurdex_pi.pdf.

118. Allergan Announces OZURDEX® (dexamethasone 700 mcg intravitreal implant in applicator) Now Approved in the European Union for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema. Marketwatch. [Press Release] Accessed Sept 4, 2014: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/allergan-announces-ozurdex-dexamethasone-700-mcg-intravitreal-implant-in-applicatornow-approved-in-the-european-union-for-the-treatment-of-diabetic-macular-edema-2014-09-02.

119. Ozurdex prescribing information. Allergan. Accessed Sept 4, 2014: http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/ozurdex_pi.pdf.

120. Ozurdex prescribing information. Allergan. Accessed Sept 4, 2014: http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/ozurdex_pi.pdf.

121. Ozurdex prescribing information. Allergan. Accessed Sept 4, 2014: http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/ozurdex_pi.pdf.

122. ILUVIEN® for Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Alimera Sciences. Accessed Sept 5, 2014: http://www.alimerasciences.com/products/iluvien.aspx.

123. PRODUCTS / ILUVIEN™. Psivida. Accessed Sept 5, 2014: http://www.psivida.com/products-iluvien.html.

124. ILUVIEN® for Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Alimera Sciences. Accessed Sept 5, 2014: http://www.alimerasciences.com/products/iluvien.aspx.

125. Cabrera M, Yeh S, Albini TA. Sustained-Release Corticosteroid Options. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:164692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4130028/.

126. Alimera Sciences' ILUVIEN® Receives Tenth National Marketing Authorization For The Treatment Of Chronic Diabetic Macular Edema. CNN. Sept 3, 2014. [Press Release] Accessed Sept 5, 2014: http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/prnewswire/CL02802.htm

127. ILUVIEN® for Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Alimera Sciences. Accessed Sept 29, 2014: http://www.alimerasciences.com/products/iluvien-for-diabetic-macular-edema-dme/